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Establishing a grass-white clover sward on your farm

Guide to Sward Clover content/Clover content scorecardReseedingOver-sowingWhite clover establishment blueprintWeed control

Establishing white clover on farm will take a number of years using a combination of reseeding and over-sowing. Incorporating white clover in a full reseed is the most reliable method of establishing white clover and provides the best opportunity for weed control.

Over-sowing is a simple and low cost method of introducing white clover into swards. Success is very much dependent on soil fertility, weather conditions at sowing, soil moisture, post-sowing grazing management and competition from the existing sward. Suitable paddocks for over-sowing are those with good soil fertility, high perennial ryegrass content and low weed content.

Reseeding

  • Aim to reseed as early in the year as possible (April, May, June) when soil temperatures are high and increasing, and there is adequate opportunity for weed control.
  • Soil sample for P, K and pH
  • Spray off the old pasture with a minimum of 5 L/ha of glyphosate; allow a minimum of 7 to 10 days after spraying before cultivating.
  • Prepare a fine, firm seedbed.
  • Use grass and white clover varieties from the Irish Recommended List
  • Cattle sowing rate – 28 to 30 kg/ha of grass plus 5 to 5.0 kg of medium leaved clover.
  • Sheep sowing rate – 25 to 28 kg/ha of grass plus 5.0 to 6.0 kg of small leaved clover.
  • Avoid sowing white clover seed too deep – sowing depth approx. 10 mm.
  • Apply 40 kg N/ha (30 units N/acre) at reseeding
  • Apply P and K fertiliser as required
  • Roll well to ensure good contact between the seed and the soil
  • Apply 25 kg N/ha (20 units N/acre) 4-6 weeks post sowing

Over-sowing

  • Do not over-sow old ‘butty’ swards with a low content of perennial ryegrass – white clover will not establish well in these swards
  • Control weeds before over-sowing white clover as weed control options afterwards are more limited.
  • Some herbicides have a residue of up to 4 months – always check the residual time on the label of the product or seek advice on a suitable weed control product.
  • Take a representative soil sample for P, K and pH analysis and correct soil fertility prior to over-sowing. Optimum soil fertility when over-sowing will help increase the chances of success. 
  • White clover seed can be broadcast onto the sward or stitched in using a suitable machine.
  • If broadcasting with a fertiliser spreader:
    • Mix clover seed with 0:7:30 fertiliser and only add white clover to the spreader when you are in the field to avoid white clover settling at the base of the spreader.
    • Do a maximum of 1 ha at a time (to avoid seed settling) and spread in 2 directions across the field.
  • Stitching in white clover seed with a drill/harrow ensures better seed to soil contact. Stitching must be used for over- sowing sheep grazed swards due to the denser nature of swards.
  • Over-sow directly after grazing (≤ 4 cm post-grazing sward height) or after cutting the paddock for surplus bales – ideally only over-sow three to four paddocks at a time.
  • Sow at a rate of 5.0 to 6.0 kg of white clover seed/ha.
  • Soil contact post over-sowing is one of the most crucial factors affecting germination.
    • Roll paddocks post-sowing to ensure soil to seed contact.
    • Apply watery slurry (if available) – ideally around 2000 gallons/ac.
  • Reduce N fertiliser post over-sowing to 15 kg N/ha (12 units N/acre) per rotation for two rotations to reduce grass growth.

Michael Egan, Teagasc gives tips on how to oversow White Clover

White Clover Establishment Blueprint

A targeted multiyear approach should be used in establishing a white clover system, combination of reseeding and over-sowing.

  • Reseed 10% per year
  • Over sow 20 % per year
    • Yr 1- reseed 10% & over sow 20% = 30%
    • Yr 2- reseed 10% & over sow 20% = 30% (60%)
    • Yr 3 – reseed 10% & over sow 20% = 30% (90%)
    • Yr 4 – remaining 10% + any ground that clover didn’t establish on (100%)

Paddocks for a full reseed should be identified (poor performing, age of sward, weed content) as early as possible in the process to avoid over-sowing clover.

Select paddocks for over sowing to give the best chance of establishment:

  • Optimal soil fertility (index 3 or > for P & K, soil pH 6.5)
  • High perennial ryegrass content
  • Open/low density swards – dense swards prevent light getting to new clover plant, hindering establishment
  • Low weed content

Any paddocks that are not suited for over-sowing in the first year (but not ear marked for reseeding) should have any issues corrected and over sown the following year; correct soil fertility issues, spray any weeds well in advance of over-sowing to allow for residual time frame.

Weed control in reseeded and over-sown grass-white clover swards

Reseed

  • Use a clover safe herbicide.
  • Weeds in new reseeds are best controlled when grass is at the two to three leaf stage.
  • Docks and chickweed are two of the most critical weeds to control; it is important to control these at the seedling stage.

Over-sown

  • Control established weeds before over-sowing as weed control options post-sowing will be limited. 
  • Consider residue time of non- clover safe sprays from application of spray to over-sowing the white clover – it can vary from one to four months. Contact your local advisor or merchant for advice if spraying before over-sowing.
  • For established grass-white clover swards ensure the herbicides used are white clover safe options.
  • All pesticide users should comply with the regulations as outlined in the Sustainable Use Directive (SUD).

Clover Content Scorecard

The clover content scorecard is a tool that farmers can use to identify the level of clover in their grass swards. View or download the Clover Content Scorecard (PDF)

Read more: Management and establishment of grass white clover swards 2024 (PDF)